How CNC Machining Works?

How CNC Machining Works?

In order to further grab the basics of CNC machining, it is crucial to know how CNC machining works. From the definition, CNC machining is a subtractive and computerized process. Therefore, knowing how it works comes from understanding the relationship between the computer, the required operations, and the workpiece.  

Based on this relationship, CNC machining’s mechanism can be divided into four different stages, which we explained below.

• Create A CAD Design

Creating a Computer-Aided Design either in 2D or 3D format is the first thing to do. You can achieve this by using CAD software. With the software, you can render any parts you want with the right technical specifications. However, there is a little limitation. The workpiece’s properties have a huge role to play in the design and how it turns out. We will discuss this under CNC machining materials.

• Convert the CAD File to A CNC Program

The next step is converting the CAD file to a CNC-compatible file format. The CNC program will analyze the CAD file to generate the programming codes needed for the process.

There are two types of code you should be familiar with in CNC machining basics. These are the G-code (Geometric Code) and M-code (Machine Code). G-code controls the machine’s actions. For example, it controls how it moves, when it moves, how fast it moves, the path it takes, etc. On the other hand, the M-code controls the factors that surround the machine’s capabilities. For example, it controls the removal and replacement of the machine cover.

• Set Up  the CNC Machine

Setting up the CNC machine is done in two ways. One is that you must run a check on the CNC machine to ascertain its condition. The second thing is fixing the workpiece on the machine. You can fix the workpiece directly into the machine while you attach the required tools and components.

• Execute the Operation

After setting up the CNC machine, you can then run the CNC program. The CNC program is the control center for all the actions of the CNC machine. It commands the machine by dictating its actions and movements toward getting the right result.

Modern CNC machining like ours at Rapid Direct only requires you to upload a CAD file. The CNC program will analyze the CAD file to make sure the design is possible.

Common CNC Machining Operations

Understanding CNC machining operations is essential to grasp the full concept of CNC machining. There are two significant operations that you need to be aware of, and we will demystify them for you below.

CNC Milling

Milling in CNC machining is cutting away part of a workpiece using rotating cutting tools.

There are two processes in CNC milling. The automatic process allows a CNC machine to feed the workpiece directly into the cutting tool rotation. The feeding direction is always in the direction of the cutting tool’s rotation. The other is manual CNC milling, which is always the opposite of the cutting tool’s rotation.

CNC Milling allows you to perform two major types of operations:

• Face Milling: This is used for cutting shallow surfaces, flat surfaces, and flat-bottomed cavities.
• Peripheral CNC Milling: This is for cutting deep cavities on the workpiece.

CNC Turning

In CNC machining, turning refers to the process of removing material from a workpiece while it rotates on a single axis. The definition may sound complex, but let’s simplify it with an example. Imagine a bolt and a nut. CNC turning is the process of creating the spiral external and internal parts of these two components using CNC machining.

CNC Turning allows you to perform the following operations:

• Boring.
• Facing
• Grooving.
• Thread cutting.

Depending on your CAD file and specific requirements, there are other available CNC machining operations to consider. Below, we outline some of these additional options for you to explore.

• Drilling.
• Broaching.
• Sawing.
• Grinding.
• Honing.
• Lapping.
• In addition to the fundamental operations of milling and turning, CNC machining offers a variety of other processes that can be tailored to meet specific manufacturing needs. For instance, CNC drilling is another critical operation where a rotating drill bit is used to create holes in the workpiece. This process is essential for applications requiring precise hole placement and diameter, making it an indispensable technique in industries such as aerospace and automotive. Furthermore, CNC laser cutting is gaining popularity due to its ability to produce intricate designs with high precision and minimal material waste. This method utilizes a focused laser beam to cut through various materials, including metals, plastics, and wood, making it versatile for a range of applications. Another notable operation is CNC plasma cutting, which is particularly effective for cutting thicker materials at high speeds. The choice of operation largely depends on the material type, thickness, and the desired finish of the final product. Additionally, advancements in CNC technology have led to the development of multi-axis machines, which allow for more complex geometries and greater flexibility in design. These machines can move along multiple axes simultaneously, enabling the creation of intricate shapes and contours that would be challenging or impossible to achieve with traditional machining methods. As CNC machining continues to evolve, manufacturers can expect even more innovative solutions that enhance productivity, reduce lead times, and improve overall quality in the production process. By understanding these various operations and their applications, businesses can make informed decisions to optimize their manufacturing processes and stay competitive in the ever-changing market landscape.